HiringNet - Find your teammates

At the cost of 1 local Intern, get 2 remote Experienced Professionals

If you are a client, who wants to work remotely from home for US company click here

If you are a startup, then click here to get more information

If you are a client, who wants to work remotely from home for US company click here

LoRA Demystified: Optimizing Language Models with Low-Rank Adaptation

1. Introduction to LoRA Hey there, language model enthusiasts! Today, we're diving into the fascinating world of LoRA - Low-Rank Adaptation. If you've been keeping up with the latest trends in fine-tuning large language models, you've probably heard this term buzzing around. But what exactly is LoRA, and why should you care? Let's break it down!Have you ever wished you could fine-tune a massive language model without breaking the bank or waiting for days? Enter LoRA - the game-changing technique that's revolutionizing how we adapt large language models. If you've been keeping up with the AI world, you've likely heard whispers about LoRA, but maybe you're not quite sure what all the fuss is about. Well, buckle up, because we're about to embark on a journey that will demystify LoRA and show you how it's reshaping the landscape of language model optimization. Imagine being able to tailor a behemoth language model to your specific needs without the hefty computational costs typically associated with fine-tuning. That's the magic of LoRA, or Low-Rank Adaptation. In a world where AI models are growing exponentially in size and complexity, LoRA emerges as a beacon of efficiency, allowing us to adapt these digital giants with surgical precision. In this article, we're going to pull back the curtain on LoRA. We'll start by unraveling what LoRA is and why it's causing such a stir in the AI community. Then, we'll roll up our sleeves and dive into the nitty-gritty of how LoRA works, from its clever use of low-rank matrix decomposition to its seamless integration with pre-trained models. But we won't stop at theory. We'll guide you through implementing LoRA in PyTorch, breaking down the process into manageable chunks. You'll learn how to create LoRA layers, wrap them around your favorite pre-trained model, and orchestrate a forward pass that leverages the power of LoRA. We'll also explore best practices for using LoRA, from choosing the right rank parameter to optimizing the scaling factor. And for those ready to push the boundaries, we'll delve into advanced techniques that can take your LoRA implementations to the next level. Whether you're an AI researcher looking to streamline your model adaptation process, a developer aiming to make the most of limited computational resources, or simply an enthusiast curious about the cutting edge of language model optimization, this article has something for you. So, are you ready to unlock the potential of LoRA and revolutionize how you work with large language models? Let's dive in and demystify LoRA together! What is LoRA? LoRA, short for Low-Rank Adaptation, is a clever technique that's revolutionizing how we fine-tune large language models. Introduced by Hu et al. in 2022, LoRA allows us to adapt pre-trained models to specific tasks without the hefty computational cost typically associated with full fine-tuning. At its core, LoRA works by adding small, trainable matrices to each layer of the Transformer architecture. These matrices are decomposed into low-rank representations, hence the name. The beauty of this approach is that it keeps the original pre-trained model weights untouched while introducing a minimal number of new parameters to learn. Benefits of LoRA for Language Model Fine-Tuning Now, you might be wondering, "Why should I use LoRA instead of traditional fine-tuning?" Great question! Here are some compelling reasons: Efficiency: LoRA dramatically reduces the number of trainable parameters, making fine-tuning faster and less resource-intensive. Cost-effectiveness: With fewer parameters to train, you can save on computational costs and energy consumption. Flexibility: LoRA allows you to create multiple task-specific adaptations of a single base model without the need for full fine-tuning each time. Performance: Despite its simplicity, LoRA often achieves comparable or even better performance than full fine-tuning for many tasks. 2. Understanding the LoRA Architecture Before we dive into the implementation, let's take a moment to understand how LoRA works under the hood. This knowledge will help you appreciate the elegance of the technique and make informed decisions when using it. Low-Rank Matrix Decomposition The key idea behind LoRA is low-rank matrix decomposition. In linear algebra, a low-rank matrix is one that can be approximated by the product of two smaller matrices. LoRA leverages this concept to create efficient adaptations. Instead of learning a full matrix of weights for each layer, LoRA introduces two smaller matrices, A and B. The adaptation is then computed as the product of these matrices, scaled by a small factor. Mathematically, it looks like this: LoRA adaptation = α * (A * B) Where: A is a matrix of size (input_dim, r) B is a matrix of size (r, output_dim) r is the rank, typically much smaller than input_dim and output_dim α is a scaling factor This decomposition allows us to capture the most important directions of change in the weight space using far fewer parameters. Integration with Pre-Trained Models LoRA integrates seamlessly with pre-trained models. Here's how it works: The original weights of the pre-trained model are frozen (not updated during training). LoRA layers are added in parallel to the existing linear layers in the model. During the forward pass, the output of the original layer and the LoRA layer are summed. Only the LoRA layers are updated during training, leaving the base model untouched. This approach allows us to adapt the model's behavior without modifying its original knowledge, resulting in efficient and effective fine-tuning. 3. Implementing LoRA in PyTorch Now that we understand the theory, let's roll up our sleeves and implement LoRA in PyTorch! We'll break this down into three main components: the LoRA Layer, the LoRA Model, and the forward pass. 3.1 LoRA Layer Implementation First, let's create our LoRA Layer. This is where the magic happens! ```python import torch import torch.nn as nn class LoRALayer(nn.Module): def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, rank=4): super().__init__() self.lora_A = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(in_features, rank)) self.lora_B = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(rank, out_features)) self.scaling = 0.01 def forward(self, x): return self.scaling * (x @ self.lora_A @ self.lora_B) ``` Let's break this down: We define a new `LoRALayer` class that inherits from `nn.Module`. In the constructor, we create two parameter matrices: `lora_A` and `lora_B`. Notice that `lora_A` is initialized randomly, while `lora_B` starts as all zeros. The `scaling` factor is set to 0.01. This small value helps to keep the LoRA adaptation subtle at the beginning of training. In the forward pass, we compute the LoRA adaptation by multiplying the input `x` with `lora_A` and `lora_B`, then scaling the result. 3.2 LoRA Model Implementation Now that we have our LoRA Layer, let's create a LoRA Model that wraps around our base pre-trained model: ```python class LoRAModel(nn.Module): def __init__(self, base_model): super().__init__() self.base_model = base_model self.lora_layers = nn.ModuleDict() # Add LoRA layers to relevant parts of the base model for name, module in self.base_model.named_modules(): if isinstance(module, nn.Linear): self.lora_layers[name] = LoRALayer(module.in_features, module.out_features) ``` Here's what's happening: We create a `LoRAModel` class that takes a `base_model` as input. We iterate through all modules in the base model, looking for linear layers. For each linear layer, we create a corresponding LoRA layer and add it to our `lora_layers` dictionary. This approach allows us to selectively apply LoRA to specific layers of the model, typically focusing on the attention and feed-forward layers in a Transformer architecture. 3.3 LoRA Model Forward Pass Finally, let's implement the forward pass for our LoRA Model: ```python def forward(self, x): # Forward pass through base model, adding LoRA outputs where applicable for name, module in self.base_model.named_modules(): if name in self.lora_layers: x = module(x) + self.lora_layers[name](x) else: x = module(x) return x ``` In this forward pass: We iterate through the modules of the base model. If a module has a corresponding LoRA layer, we add the LoRA output to the base module's output. For modules without LoRA, we simply pass the input through as usual. This implementation ensures that the LoRA adaptations are applied exactly where we want them, while leaving the rest of the model unchanged. 4. Using the LoRA Model Great job! Now that we have our LoRA model implemented, let's talk about how to use it effectively. Training Process Training a LoRA model is similar to training any other PyTorch model, with a few key differences: Freeze the base model parameters: ```python for param in model.base_model.parameters(): param.requires_grad = False ``` Only optimize the LoRA parameters: ```python optimizer = torch.optim.AdamW(model.lora_layers.parameters(), lr=1e-3) ``` Train as usual, but remember that you're only updating the LoRA layers: ```python for epoch in range(num_epochs): for batch in dataloader: optimizer.zero_grad() output = model(batch) loss = criterion(output, targets) loss.backward() optimizer.step() ``` Inference with LoRA-Adapted Models When it's time to use your LoRA-adapted model for inference, you can simply use it like any other PyTorch model: ```python model.eval() with torch.no_grad(): output = model(input_data) ``` The beauty of LoRA is that you can easily switch between different adaptations by changing the LoRA layers, all while keeping the same base model. 5. Best Practices As you start experimenting with LoRA, keep these best practices in mind: Choosing the Rank Parameter The rank parameter (r) in LoRA determines the complexity of the adaptation. A higher rank allows for more expressive adaptations but increases the number of parameters. Start with a small rank (e.g., 4 or 8) and increase if needed. Scaling Factor Optimization The scaling factor (α) in the LoRA layer can significantly impact performance. While we set it to 0.01 in our example, you might want to treat it as a hyperparameter and tune it for your specific task. Performance Comparisons Always compare your LoRA-adapted model's performance with a fully fine-tuned model. In many cases, LoRA can achieve comparable or better results with far fewer parameters, but it's essential to verify this for your specific use case. 6. Advanced LoRA Techniques Ready to take your LoRA skills to the next level? Here are some advanced techniques to explore: Hyperparameter Tuning for the Scaling Factor Instead of using a fixed scaling factor, you can make it learnable: ```python self.scaling = nn.Parameter(torch.ones(1)) ``` This allows the model to adjust the impact of the LoRA adaptation during training. Selective Application of LoRA You might not need to apply LoRA to every layer. Experiment with applying it only to specific layers (e.g., only to attention layers) to find the best trade-off between adaptation and efficiency. Freezing Base Model Parameters We touched on this earlier, but it's crucial to ensure your base model parameters are frozen: ```python for param in model.base_model.parameters(): param.requires_grad = False ``` This ensures that only the LoRA parameters are updated during training. And there you have it! You're now equipped with the knowledge to implement and use LoRA for optimizing language models. Remember, the key to mastering LoRA is experimentation. Don't be afraid to try different configurations and see what works best for your specific use case. Happy adapting, and may your language models be ever more efficient and effective! Summary In this article, we've demystified LoRA (Low-Rank Adaptation), a powerful technique for optimizing large language models. We explored how LoRA enables efficient fine-tuning by introducing small, trainable matrices to pre-trained models, dramatically reducing computational costs while maintaining performance. We delved into the LoRA architecture, explaining its use of low-rank matrix decomposition and seamless integration with pre-trained models. We then provided a step-by-step guide to implementing LoRA in PyTorch, covering the creation of LoRA layers, wrapping them around base models, and executing forward passes. Key takeaways include: LoRA offers a cost-effective and flexible approach to adapting large language models. Implementing LoRA involves creating specialized layers and integrating them with existing model architectures. Best practices such as choosing appropriate rank parameters and optimizing scaling factors are crucial for success. Advanced techniques like learnable scaling factors and selective application can further enhance LoRA's effectiveness. As AI models continue to grow in size and complexity, techniques like LoRA become increasingly valuable. Whether you're an AI researcher, developer, or enthusiast, LoRA opens up new possibilities for working with large language models. About the Author Dr. Rohit Aggarwal is a professor , AI researcher and practitioner. His research focuses on two complementary themes: how AI can augment human decision-making by improving learning, skill development, and productivity, and how humans can augment AI by embedding tacit knowledge and contextual insight to make systems more transparent, explainable, and aligned with human preferences. He has done AI consulting for many startups, SMEs and public listed companies. He has helped many companies integrate AI-based workflow automations across functional units, and developed conversational AI interfaces that enable users to interact with systems through natural dialogue.

7 min read

authors:

My Journey to Building an AI Agent: Extracting Insights from Social Media

Introduction Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming industries across the globe, and its influence on social media management is particularly noteworthy. AI agents can analyze vast amounts of data, uncovering patterns and trends that are otherwise difficult to detect. As part of my Master of Science degree program in Information Systems at the University of Utah, I faced a pivotal decision: complete a certification course or take on a capstone project. Drawn to the challenge and potential for growth, I chose the latter. Under the guidance of Prof. Rohit Aggarwal from the Information Systems Department at the David Eccles School of Business, I embarked on an exciting journey to build an AI agent capable of revolutionizing social media posts. Little did I know that this project would push me far beyond the boundaries of my classroom knowledge and into the realm of practical, cutting-edge AI application. Seizing the Opportunity: The Beginning of My AI Journey The project's scope was ambitious: develop an AI system that could analyze historical social media content and generate future posts to drive engagement. I chose Instagram as the primary platform, focusing on strategies employed by industry leaders like Ogilvy, BBDO, AKQA, and MCCANN. These companies, known for their expertise in brand promotion, provided valuable insights into audience engagement that I could leverage in my AI agent. My task involved collecting data from company websites and social media platforms through web scraping, processing it, and utilizing AI models to extract meaningful themes. The ultimate goal was to generate future posts that would drive engagement and align with each company's brand. This project would test not only my technical skills but also my ability to understand and apply marketing strategies in a digital context. The Journey: Building the AI Agent Data Collection and Preprocessing My first major hurdle was data collection through web scraping. While I had some exposure to Python in my classes, this project demanded a level of expertise I hadn't yet achieved. I spent countless hours poring over YouTube tutorials, documentation, and online forums to master the intricacies of web scraping. I learned to use Python libraries like Instaloader to obtain data from Instagram pages, and Selenium and BeautifulSoup to scrape company websites. This process yielded valuable information, including captions, shares, likes, and comments from each company's Instagram account. After collecting the data, I moved on to preprocessing. I cleaned the data by removing duplicates and null values, converted dates to a datetime format, and prepared it for analysis. Ensuring that the data was accurate and well-organized was crucial for setting a solid foundation for theme extraction. This step taught me the importance of data quality in AI projects, a concept that was only briefly touched upon in my coursework. Theme Extraction and Grouping With the data ready, I conducted theme extraction using the Gemma2b model from Ollama. This was a significant leap from the basic machine learning concepts I had learned in class. I employed zero-shot prompting, a method where I asked the model to perform tasks it hadn't been explicitly trained on. By providing suggested themes, I guided Gemma2b to extract relevant themes from the Instagram posts, such as 'Product Announcement' and ‘Customer Story.’ Once I extracted the themes, I grouped and normalized them. I used Gemma2b to categorize the themes into more concise groups, ensuring that similar themes like 'Customer Story' and 'Customer Stories' were treated as one. This normalization was essential for scaling the data effectively, teaching me about the nuances of natural language processing and the importance of context in AI-driven text analysis. Engagement Analysis and Generating Future Posts Next, I conducted an engagement analysis by calculating scores for each theme based on likes, shares, and comments. Summing up these metrics helped me identify the top 10 themes across all companies. This analysis revealed which themes were driving engagement and how companies like Ogilvy and AKQA were leveraging these strategies. This step required me to blend my understanding of social media metrics with data analysis techniques, bridging the gap between marketing concepts and technical implementation. Armed with this analysis, I used Gemma2b to generate future social media posts. I crafted these posts based on the successful strategies I identified, with suggestions for images, videos, captions, and hashtags. I also included a predicted engagement score for each post, aiding social media managers in planning their content effectively. This phase of the project was particularly exciting as it allowed me to see the practical application of AI in content creation, a concept far beyond what I had learned in my classes. To make my AI agent accessible, I developed an interactive interface using Streamlit. This user-friendly platform allowed social media managers to interact with the model, generate posts, and visualize engagement predictions. Creating this interface pushed me to learn about web application development and user experience design, areas that were entirely new to me but crucial for making my AI agent practical and usable. Challenges I Faced Throughout this project, I encountered numerous challenges that pushed me far beyond what I had learned in my classes: Web Scraping Implementation: Despite my theoretical knowledge of web scraping in Python, this project demanded practical application at a much higher level. I had to enhance my skills through intensive study of YouTube tutorials and comprehensive reading on the subject, including its legal implications to ensure compliance. Model Selection and Deployment: I initially explored quantized models for local execution, gaining extensive knowledge about their capabilities and limitations. After considering various options, including GPU-dependent models, I settled on Gemma 2b with Ollama due to its compatibility with my local machine's resources. This decision came after attempting to use Google Colab's enhanced GPU environment, which proved financially unfeasible for my project's scope. Development Environment Setup: Setting up the working environment posed its own challenges. I opted for Visual Studio Code, which provided a robust platform for code structuring and debugging the large language model. This choice significantly improved my workflow efficiency, but required me to learn a new development environment. Data Processing and Analysis: Data cleaning and merging CSV files presented initial hurdles. I overcame these by developing Python scripts to streamline these processes. The most significant challenge was extracting themes from the large dataset using Gemma 2b, which required substantial computational time. To address this, I utilized a high-RAM system and implemented checkpoints in my code to manage the process more effectively. Model Fine-tuning and Result Validation: To ensure the extracted themes aligned with the desired format, I implemented a training method using sample themes. This was followed by a meticulous manual review process to verify the accuracy and relevance of the extracted themes. Post-processing and Application Development: Once I extracted themes, I leveraged the model to categorically group them and align them with engagement metrics. Additionally, I used Gemma to generate weekly posts designed to resonate with the target audience. The final step involved developing a Streamlit application to generate prompt responses, providing a user-friendly interface for accessing the project's insights. Lessons Learned and Conclusion Despite the difficulties, this project provided me with invaluable lessons. I honed my coding skills, mastered the intricacies of web scraping, and gained hands-on experience with machine learning models. Additionally, the project emphasized the importance of adaptability, communication, and project management—skills that are crucial for success in any professional setting. Building this AI agent was a transformative experience for me. It not only equipped me with technical skills but also prepared me for future roles in AI and data analytics. My project demonstrated the potential of AI in enhancing social media management and underscored the importance of understanding data to make informed decisions. Looking ahead, I'm excited about the possibilities AI offers and the role I can play in shaping this technology. This experience has not only provided me with technical skills but also ignited a passion for creating AI solutions that can make a real difference in how businesses understand and interact with their digital audience. My journey of building my first AI agent has laid a solid foundation for future projects, and I have a strong desire to continue learning and growing in this dynamic field. About the Author Dr. Rohit Aggarwal is a professor , AI researcher and practitioner. His research focuses on two complementary themes: how AI can augment human decision-making by improving learning, skill development, and productivity, and how humans can augment AI by embedding tacit knowledge and contextual insight to make systems more transparent, explainable, and aligned with human preferences. He has done AI consulting for many startups, SMEs and public listed companies. He has helped many companies integrate AI-based workflow automations across functional units, and developed conversational AI interfaces that enable users to interact with systems through natural dialogue.

5 min read

authors:

Opinion: Teaching Ai & Critical Thinking

Opinion: Teaching Ai & Critical Thinking The opinions expressed herein are derived from our research and own experiences in: developing a few AI Agents, observing student engagement across different variations of our AI classes, engaging in discussions within AI committees and with attendees of BizAI 2024. The Growing Importance of Critical Thinking in the AI Era In the new era of artificial intelligence (AI) and large language models (LLMs), critical thinking skills have become more important than ever before. A 2022 survey by the World Economic Forum revealed that 78% of executives believed critical thinking would be a top-three skill for employees in the next five years, up from 56% in 2020 [1]. As AI systems become more advanced and capable of performing a wide range of tasks, it is crucial for humans to develop and maintain strong critical thinking abilities to effectively leverage these tools and make informed decisions. The Necessity of Human Insight for Effective AI Utilization One of the key reasons critical thinking is so valuable in this context is that LLMs excel at providing information and executing tasks based on their training data, but they often struggle with higher-level reasoning, problem decomposition, and decision-making. While an LLM can generate code, write articles, or answer questions, it may not always understand the broader context or implications of the task at hand. This is where human critical thinking comes into play. For example, let's consider a scenario where a company wants to develop a new product. An LLM can assist by generating ideas, conducting market research, and even creating a project plan. However, it is up to the human decision-makers to critically evaluate the generated ideas, assess their feasibility and potential impact, and direct the AI model where it made mistake or missed something significant such as company values, long-term goals, and potential risks. Cultivating Critical Thinking Skills for AI Collaboration Moreover, as the value of knowing "how" to perform a task decreases due to the capabilities of LLMs, the value of knowing "what" to do and "why" increases. Because AI can manage a lot of "how" to perform a task, it frees professionals to focus on "what" and "why". By developing strong critical thinking abilities, professionals can effectively collaborate with AI systems, leveraging their strengths while compensating for their limitations. This synergy between human reasoning and AI capabilities has the potential to make professionals more productive, bring costs down and help companies grow manifold. However, it is important to note that critical thinking skills must be actively cultivated and practiced. As professors, we need to think of ways to teach students with the tools and training necessary to thrive in an AI-driven world. Let us consider an example of how AI and critical thinking can be taught in tandem. Example: Teaching AI and Critical Thinking in Tandem In one of our courses we teach students how to effectively use AI models to augment their thought process and plan AI agents for revamping business processes. Students explore how to plan an AI agent that learns the tacit knowledge, which experts develop over years of experience. Further, how another AI agent can use this tacit knowledge in conjunction with Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) as part of its context to generate decisions or content that mimics the complex decision making of an expert. Through this process, students not only learn technical skills related to AI and LLMs but also develop essential critical thinking abilities such as problem decomposition, strategic planning, and effective communication. They learn to view AI as a tool to augment and enhance their own thinking, rather than a replacement for human judgment and decision-making. They also have better understanding of the limitations of AI models. These AI models solve a lot of "how" type problems that professionals earlier had to spend significant time learning, planning and working on. However, these models also come with their own set of challenges such as context window, limited reasoning abilities, and variability in responses. Hence, there is strong need for students to prepare for AI integration in workplaces accounting for AI models' limitations. Educating students to remain in control Teaching students to view LLMs as highly knowledgeable assistants that sometimes get confused and need direction is a valuable approach. It encourages students to take an active role in guiding and correcting the AI, rather than simply accepting its outputs at face value. They recognize that while AI can provide valuable insights and generate ideas, it is ultimately up to humans to critically evaluate and act upon that information. This understanding helps students develop a healthy and productive relationship with AI, one in which they are in control and can effectively leverage these tools to support their own learning and growth. Intellectual laziness & associated risks While the collaboration between humans and AI presents numerous opportunities, it is essential to be aware of potential drawbacks and risks. As AI models become more advanced and capable, there is a genuine concern that some early learners, may become overly dependent on these tools. This over-reliance could diminish their critical thinking and problem-solving abilities, possibly fostering "intellectual laziness." Individuals might become less inclined to learn and explore new concepts on their own, relying instead on AI for answers. Further, they may lose faith in their own judgment and may stop questioning the AI model's output. In one of our research studies, we observe this behavior among early software developers who start relying on AI models too much. This situation could widen the divide between those who use AI to boost their productivity and those who lean on it too much. To counter these risks, it's important that, along with fostering critical-thinking abilities, we need to stress the need for critical engagement with AI. We should encourage students to scrutinize and question the outputs of AI actively. They need to help students see that excessive reliance on AI can lead to a lack of depth in understanding and personal growth. By advocating for a strategy that equally values AI resources and independent thinking skills, we can guide learners through this new landscape successfully. As we look towards the future, the increasing importance of critical thinking skills in the AI era will have significant implications for job markets and educational curricula. Professionals who can effectively collaborate with AI systems and leverage their capabilities will be in high demand. Hence, faculty will need to adapt their programs to ensure that students understand the importance of using AI as a tool to augment their thinking and not as a replacement. Further, we must rethink our courses and integrate more emphasis on the "what", challenging students to apply their critical thinking skills to real-world problems and decision-making scenarios. Invite our colleagues for collaboration This is not a trivial task, and it will require collaboration and idea-sharing among faculty members. We have been actively exploring these issues and would greatly value the perspectives and insights of our colleagues on this topic. We welcome further discussions and encourage you to reach out to us to share your thoughts and experiences. Disclaimer It's important to note that these insights are primarily anecdotal and have not undergone scientific scrutiny. Additionally, the research involving developers where we noted instances of intellectual laziness has not been validated yet through peer review. References World Economic Forum. (2022). The Future of Jobs Report 2022. Geneva, Switzerland. About the Author Dr. Rohit Aggarwal is a professor , AI researcher and practitioner. His research focuses on two complementary themes: how AI can augment human decision-making by improving learning, skill development, and productivity, and how humans can augment AI by embedding tacit knowledge and contextual insight to make systems more transparent, explainable, and aligned with human preferences. He has done AI consulting for many startups, SMEs and public listed companies. He has helped many companies integrate AI-based workflow automations across functional units, and developed conversational AI interfaces that enable users to interact with systems through natural dialogue.

5 min read

authors:

If you are a startup, then click here to get more information